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antibiotics and other drugs - for newbies *updated 11/26/14*
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<blockquote data-quote="milkmaid" data-source="post: 485843" data-attributes="member: 852"><p>This is by no means a complete list. I'm going to start by listing the drug, <strong>labeled</strong> uses, and dosage. Note that the information I'm putting down is for withdrawals, etc, in the U.S. If you live in another country they may have different rules.</p><p></p><p><strong>What are antibiotics?</strong> On a very basic level, they are substances secreted naturally by bacteria to kill or halt the growth of other bacteria. Over the years since penicillin was discovered in the early 1900s, pharmaceutical companies have found ways to synthesize some of these compounds or use other bacteria to produce the same antibiotics more efficiently.</p><p></p><p><strong>What are they effective against? </strong>Antibiotics can be used to slow or halt disease caused by susceptible bacteria.</p><p></p><p><strong>What are they not effective against?</strong> Antibiotics will not affect viruses (e.g. BVD), fungi (e.g. yeast), protozoa (e.g. coccidiosis), or resistant bacteria.</p><p></p><p><strong>What are resistant bacteria?</strong> They may actually have genes that make them resistant to penetration by an antibiotic, or they may be structurally resistant. Certain antibiotics are only effective against certain types of bacteria - you can't just pick an antibiotic off the shelf and expect it to treat all diseases. Why not? For instance, some bacteria do not have a cell wall - so if the animal is treated with an antibiotic that targets the cell wall, it's not going to work. For those of you with microbiology training, remember terms like gram positive, gram negative? remember mycoplasma?</p><p></p><p><strong>Will antibiotics successfully treat all animals with susceptible infections?</strong> No. A certain percentage of animals will not respond regardless of treatment.</p><p></p><p><strong>Are antibiotics always necessary?</strong> No. A certain percentage of animals will recover regardless of what you do or do not do for them.</p><p></p><p>A certain percentage... wait, what? Yes - some animals will recover and some animals will die, and it doesn't matter what you do or do not do for them. When we treat with antibiotics, we are trying to change that percentage that we can actually affect; the animals whose outcome will be different when aided by antibiotics. How many recover vs die vs can be changed depends on the disease and the antibiotic. </p><p></p><p><strong>Case fatality rate</strong> is the percent of animals that die out of the initial number treated. Typically this is around 5-15% depending on the disease. It may depend on the owner, how quickly the problem is recognized and treated, what treatment options are available, etc. For instance, just watching the forum you'll see threads where a poster has multiple calves with scours and s/he loses all of them - and then another poster never loses a calf. So CFRs do vary depending on person but across the nation most diseases run around 5-15%.</p><p></p><p><strong>So you treat an animal with antibiotics and it doesn't get better. Why not?</strong> There's a couple basic reasons:</p><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">1) You're using the wrong antibiotic for the problem (or attempting to treat a viral/fungal/protozoal disease with antibiotics).<br /> 2) You're using the wrong dosage - read the label, figure out what the animal weighs, and treat accordingly (for everything except penicillin, which is dosed around 5-10 mL/100 lbs).<br /> 3) You didn't treat long enough - the animal either needs enough days of treatment or an antibiotic with a long enough duration.<br /> 4) You're treating a disease that's difficult to cure (e.g. joint infections, staph aureus mastitis).<br /> 5) The bacteria has genes that make it resistant to the antibiotic you're using (although this happens far less frequently than anti-antibiotic groups tend to think - I'd rule out 1-4 first before considering this one).</li> </ul><p></p><p><strong>Routes of administration? </strong>There are three standard routes of administration we use in cattle - intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intravenous. Oral is not typically used in adult cattle due to inactivation of drugs in the rumen.</p><p></p><p><strong>What is a withdrawal time?</strong> This is the time between antibiotic administration and when the animal can be slaughtered commercially or milk used for commercial human consumption. This is the point where the antibiotic in filtering organs (kidneys, liver, etc) is below a certain parts per million or parts per billion.</p><p></p><p><strong>How are antibiotics eliminated?</strong> The usual routes are kidneys and/or liver, and sometimes milk and lungs are also routes of excretion. Antibiotics that are primarily (or only) eliminated through kidneys and not through milk generally have short or absent milk withdrawal times - for instance, Excenel.</p><p></p><p><strong>Antibiotics</strong></p><p></p><p>Drug: Oxytetracycline (standard cx 200mg/mL)</p><p>Brand name: Maxim200, Biomycin, LA200, Agrimycin, Tetradure (300mg/mL), etc.</p><p>Labeled uses: pneumonia, footrot</p><p>Dosage: 4.5mL/100lbs</p><p>Withdrawals: meat – 30 days, milk – 96 hours</p><p>Warnings: rapid IV administration can cause cardiac arrest</p><p>OTC (except Tetradure is Rx)</p><p></p><p>Drug: Penicillin</p><p>Brand name: Twin-Penn (long lasting formation), Pennicillin G (short acting)</p><p>Labeled uses: pneumonia, blackleg, various clostridial bacterial infections</p><p>Dosage: 1mL/100lbs or 2mL/150lbs depending on formation – note it is ineffective at these dosages. Most vets use it at ~5mL/100lbs.</p><p>Withdrawals: meat – 30 days @ labeled dosage</p><p>Warnings: do not give IV</p><p>OTC (except in CA)</p><p></p><p>Drug: Enrofloxacin</p><p>Brand name: Baytril</p><p>Labeled uses: pneumonia</p><p>Dosage: large variation based on multi or single day therapy; see label</p><p>Withdrawals: meat - 28 days</p><p>Warnings: not for use in dairy heifers >20 months of age</p><p>Prescription only</p><p></p><p>Drug: Tulathromycin</p><p>Brand name: Draxxin</p><p>Labeled uses: BRD</p><p>Dosage: 1.1mL/100lbs</p><p>Withdrawals: meat - 18 days</p><p>Warnings: not for use in dairy heifers >20 months of age</p><p>Prescription only</p><p></p><p>Drug: ceftiofur</p><p>Brand name: Excenel RTU, Naxcel, Excede (all different formations)</p><p>Labeled uses: footrot, BRD, uterine infections</p><p>Dosage: see label</p><p>Withdrawals: milk- none, meat- 0-13 days depending on formation</p><p>Warnings: none</p><p>Prescription only</p><p></p><p>Drug: Gentamicin/gentamycin</p><p>Brand name: Legacy, Gentaved</p><p>Labeled uses: uterine infections in equines</p><p>Dosage: none</p><p>Withdrawals: 24 months or more</p><p>Warnings: Due to the no-tolerance at slaughter and minimum slaughter withdrawal of 18 months it is strongly NOT recommended. Gentamicin can cause kidney failure in treated animals, especially dehydrated animals.</p><p>Prescription only</p><p></p><p>Drug: Tilmicosin</p><p>Brand name: Micotil</p><p>Labeled uses: BRD</p><p>Dosage: 1.5mL/100lbs</p><p>Withdrawals: meat- 28 days</p><p>Warnings: fatal to humans – use caution when administering</p><p>Prescription drug only</p><p></p><p>Drug: Florfenicol</p><p>Brand name: Nuflor</p><p>Labeled uses: pneumonia, footrot</p><p>Dosage: 3mL/100lbs IM every 48 hours, or one-time dose of 6mL/100lbs SC</p><p>Withdrawals: meat – 28 days IM, 38 days SC</p><p>Warnings: none</p><p>Prescription only</p><p></p><p><strong>Anti-inflammatories/pain relievers</strong></p><p></p><p>Drug: flunixin meglumine (non steroidal anti-inflammatory)</p><p>Brand name: Banamine, Flu-Nix, Flunixin</p><p>Labeled uses: pain relief, decreases inflammation due to injury</p><p>Dosage: 1-2mL/100lbs, IV</p><p>Withdrawals: meat – 4 days, milk – 72 hours</p><p>Warnings: none; safe for any age of cattle and any stage of pregnancy</p><p>Prescription only</p><p></p><p>Drug: dexamethasone (corticosteroid, steroidal anti-inflammatory)</p><p>Brand name: Dexamethasone</p><p>Labeled uses: reduced inflammation due to injury, infection, ketosis therapy (raises blood sugar levels)</p><p>Dosage: standard concentration 2mg/mL, dose 5-10mL</p><p>Withdrawals: none</p><p>Warnings: not for use in pregnant animals (can cause abortion), also can cause immune system suppression</p><p>Prescription only</p><p></p><p>Drug: isoflupredone (corticosteroid, steroidal anti-inflammatory)</p><p>Brand name: Predef 2X</p><p>Labled uses: reduced inflammation due to injury, infection, ketosis therapy (raises blood sugar levels), same properties as dexamethasone but lower amounts of cortiocosteriod</p><p>Dosage: 5-10mL</p><p>Withdrawals: meat – 7 days</p><p>Prescription only</p><p></p><p>Drug: furosomide</p><p>Brand name: Salix/Lasix</p><p>Labeled uses: treatment of edema, is a diuretic not an anti-inflammatory but is used on fresh cows for the same reasons as dexamethasone or predef</p><p>Dosage: 10mL 1x/day or 5mL 2x/day</p><p>Withdrawals: milk - 48 hours, meat - 48 hours</p><p>Warnings: overuse can put an animal into an electrolyte imbalance and/or dehydration; use with care</p><p>Prescription only</p><p></p><p><strong>Hormones</strong></p><p></p><p>Drug: oxytocin</p><p>Brand name: Oxytocin</p><p>Labeled uses: milk letdown and uterine contractions</p><p>Dosage: usually 1-5mL for milk letdown, 10mL for uterine contractions. Note it only works on the uterus in the presence of estrogen, and is ineffective after approx. 48 hours post partum.</p><p>Withdrawals: none</p><p>Warnings: none</p><p>Prescription only</p><p></p><p>Drug: prostaglandin</p><p>Brand name: Lutalyse, Estrumate</p><p>Labeled uses: regression of CL and smooth muscle contraction</p><p>Dosage: Lutalyse- 5mL</p><p>Withdrawals: none</p><p>Warnings: women and people with asthma use caution when handling these drugs</p><p>Prescription only</p><p></p><p>**NOTE** This is not meant to endorse any particular medication or imply any type of medical advice. Please use these medications in conjunction with recommendations from a licensed veterinarian.</p></blockquote><p></p>
[QUOTE="milkmaid, post: 485843, member: 852"] This is by no means a complete list. I’m going to start by listing the drug, [b]labeled[/b] uses, and dosage. Note that the information I'm putting down is for withdrawals, etc, in the U.S. If you live in another country they may have different rules. [b]What are antibiotics?[/b] On a very basic level, they are substances secreted naturally by bacteria to kill or halt the growth of other bacteria. Over the years since penicillin was discovered in the early 1900s, pharmaceutical companies have found ways to synthesize some of these compounds or use other bacteria to produce the same antibiotics more efficiently. [b]What are they effective against? [/b]Antibiotics can be used to slow or halt disease caused by susceptible bacteria. [b]What are they not effective against?[/b] Antibiotics will not affect viruses (e.g. BVD), fungi (e.g. yeast), protozoa (e.g. coccidiosis), or resistant bacteria. [b]What are resistant bacteria?[/b] They may actually have genes that make them resistant to penetration by an antibiotic, or they may be structurally resistant. Certain antibiotics are only effective against certain types of bacteria - you can't just pick an antibiotic off the shelf and expect it to treat all diseases. Why not? For instance, some bacteria do not have a cell wall - so if the animal is treated with an antibiotic that targets the cell wall, it's not going to work. For those of you with microbiology training, remember terms like gram positive, gram negative? remember mycoplasma? [b]Will antibiotics successfully treat all animals with susceptible infections?[/b] No. A certain percentage of animals will not respond regardless of treatment. [b]Are antibiotics always necessary?[/b] No. A certain percentage of animals will recover regardless of what you do or do not do for them. A certain percentage... wait, what? Yes - some animals will recover and some animals will die, and it doesn't matter what you do or do not do for them. When we treat with antibiotics, we are trying to change that percentage that we can actually affect; the animals whose outcome will be different when aided by antibiotics. How many recover vs die vs can be changed depends on the disease and the antibiotic. [b]Case fatality rate[/b] is the percent of animals that die out of the initial number treated. Typically this is around 5-15% depending on the disease. It may depend on the owner, how quickly the problem is recognized and treated, what treatment options are available, etc. For instance, just watching the forum you'll see threads where a poster has multiple calves with scours and s/he loses all of them - and then another poster never loses a calf. So CFRs do vary depending on person but across the nation most diseases run around 5-15%. [b]So you treat an animal with antibiotics and it doesn't get better. Why not?[/b] There's a couple basic reasons: [list]1) You're using the wrong antibiotic for the problem (or attempting to treat a viral/fungal/protozoal disease with antibiotics). 2) You're using the wrong dosage - read the label, figure out what the animal weighs, and treat accordingly (for everything except penicillin, which is dosed around 5-10 mL/100 lbs). 3) You didn't treat long enough - the animal either needs enough days of treatment or an antibiotic with a long enough duration. 4) You're treating a disease that's difficult to cure (e.g. joint infections, staph aureus mastitis). 5) The bacteria has genes that make it resistant to the antibiotic you're using (although this happens far less frequently than anti-antibiotic groups tend to think - I'd rule out 1-4 first before considering this one).[/list] [b]Routes of administration? [/b]There are three standard routes of administration we use in cattle - intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intravenous. Oral is not typically used in adult cattle due to inactivation of drugs in the rumen. [b]What is a withdrawal time?[/b] This is the time between antibiotic administration and when the animal can be slaughtered commercially or milk used for commercial human consumption. This is the point where the antibiotic in filtering organs (kidneys, liver, etc) is below a certain parts per million or parts per billion. [b]How are antibiotics eliminated?[/b] The usual routes are kidneys and/or liver, and sometimes milk and lungs are also routes of excretion. Antibiotics that are primarily (or only) eliminated through kidneys and not through milk generally have short or absent milk withdrawal times - for instance, Excenel. [b]Antibiotics[/b] Drug: Oxytetracycline (standard cx 200mg/mL) Brand name: Maxim200, Biomycin, LA200, Agrimycin, Tetradure (300mg/mL), etc. Labeled uses: pneumonia, footrot Dosage: 4.5mL/100lbs Withdrawals: meat – 30 days, milk – 96 hours Warnings: rapid IV administration can cause cardiac arrest OTC (except Tetradure is Rx) Drug: Penicillin Brand name: Twin-Penn (long lasting formation), Pennicillin G (short acting) Labeled uses: pneumonia, blackleg, various clostridial bacterial infections Dosage: 1mL/100lbs or 2mL/150lbs depending on formation – note it is ineffective at these dosages. Most vets use it at ~5mL/100lbs. Withdrawals: meat – 30 days @ labeled dosage Warnings: do not give IV OTC (except in CA) Drug: Enrofloxacin Brand name: Baytril Labeled uses: pneumonia Dosage: large variation based on multi or single day therapy; see label Withdrawals: meat - 28 days Warnings: not for use in dairy heifers >20 months of age Prescription only Drug: Tulathromycin Brand name: Draxxin Labeled uses: BRD Dosage: 1.1mL/100lbs Withdrawals: meat - 18 days Warnings: not for use in dairy heifers >20 months of age Prescription only Drug: ceftiofur Brand name: Excenel RTU, Naxcel, Excede (all different formations) Labeled uses: footrot, BRD, uterine infections Dosage: see label Withdrawals: milk- none, meat- 0-13 days depending on formation Warnings: none Prescription only Drug: Gentamicin/gentamycin Brand name: Legacy, Gentaved Labeled uses: uterine infections in equines Dosage: none Withdrawals: 24 months or more Warnings: Due to the no-tolerance at slaughter and minimum slaughter withdrawal of 18 months it is strongly NOT recommended. Gentamicin can cause kidney failure in treated animals, especially dehydrated animals. Prescription only Drug: Tilmicosin Brand name: Micotil Labeled uses: BRD Dosage: 1.5mL/100lbs Withdrawals: meat- 28 days Warnings: fatal to humans – use caution when administering Prescription drug only Drug: Florfenicol Brand name: Nuflor Labeled uses: pneumonia, footrot Dosage: 3mL/100lbs IM every 48 hours, or one-time dose of 6mL/100lbs SC Withdrawals: meat – 28 days IM, 38 days SC Warnings: none Prescription only [b]Anti-inflammatories/pain relievers[/b] Drug: flunixin meglumine (non steroidal anti-inflammatory) Brand name: Banamine, Flu-Nix, Flunixin Labeled uses: pain relief, decreases inflammation due to injury Dosage: 1-2mL/100lbs, IV Withdrawals: meat – 4 days, milk – 72 hours Warnings: none; safe for any age of cattle and any stage of pregnancy Prescription only Drug: dexamethasone (corticosteroid, steroidal anti-inflammatory) Brand name: Dexamethasone Labeled uses: reduced inflammation due to injury, infection, ketosis therapy (raises blood sugar levels) Dosage: standard concentration 2mg/mL, dose 5-10mL Withdrawals: none Warnings: not for use in pregnant animals (can cause abortion), also can cause immune system suppression Prescription only Drug: isoflupredone (corticosteroid, steroidal anti-inflammatory) Brand name: Predef 2X Labled uses: reduced inflammation due to injury, infection, ketosis therapy (raises blood sugar levels), same properties as dexamethasone but lower amounts of cortiocosteriod Dosage: 5-10mL Withdrawals: meat – 7 days Prescription only Drug: furosomide Brand name: Salix/Lasix Labeled uses: treatment of edema, is a diuretic not an anti-inflammatory but is used on fresh cows for the same reasons as dexamethasone or predef Dosage: 10mL 1x/day or 5mL 2x/day Withdrawals: milk - 48 hours, meat - 48 hours Warnings: overuse can put an animal into an electrolyte imbalance and/or dehydration; use with care Prescription only [b]Hormones[/b] Drug: oxytocin Brand name: Oxytocin Labeled uses: milk letdown and uterine contractions Dosage: usually 1-5mL for milk letdown, 10mL for uterine contractions. Note it only works on the uterus in the presence of estrogen, and is ineffective after approx. 48 hours post partum. Withdrawals: none Warnings: none Prescription only Drug: prostaglandin Brand name: Lutalyse, Estrumate Labeled uses: regression of CL and smooth muscle contraction Dosage: Lutalyse- 5mL Withdrawals: none Warnings: women and people with asthma use caution when handling these drugs Prescription only **NOTE** This is not meant to endorse any particular medication or imply any type of medical advice. Please use these medications in conjunction with recommendations from a licensed veterinarian. [/QUOTE]
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