We never had A/C when I was a kid. At some point there was a window unit for my dad's room, he slept days and worked nights. I was 21 years old and on my own before I ever had central air. I don't remember really suffering from the heat back then either but it sure bothers me now!
My grandmother would go around opening and closing windows and window coverings thruout the day to keep the heat out of the house. I guess she closed them as the sun hit them and opened windows on the shady side. She could keep it a good 10, 15 degrees cooler than outside, you could really feel the difference when you walked in. Another lost art.